Loneliness and Satisfaction with Life among Nursing Students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic poses threats to human life and health around the world. This study attempts to determine the correlation between loneliness and satisfaction with life among nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia and to seek predictors of social and emotional loneliness among the students. (2) A total of 756 nursing students from Poland, Spain and Slovakia took part in the study. A diagnostic survey was applied as the research method, and the data were collected with the sense of loneliness measurement scale (de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale-DJGLS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). (3) The mean age of the participants was 21.20 years (SD = 1.97). A correlation analysis revealed statistically significant, negative correlations, with an average and high strength, between the general sense of loneliness and its components (social loneliness and emotional loneliness) and satisfaction with life among students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia. A regression analysis showed one's satisfaction with life to be a predictor of a sense of loneliness among nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. (4) Students with a stronger sense of loneliness also feel lower life satisfaction. It is important to take preventive and prophylactic actions concerning loneliness among students during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Correlation between Positive Orientation and Control of Anger, Anxiety and Depression in Nursing Students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) This study analysed the relationship between positive orientation and subjective control of anger, anxiety and depression in nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia during the pandemic. (2) The survey was carried out by the diagnostic survey method in a group of 756 nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia. The empirical data were gathered using an original survey questionnaire, the Positive Orientation Scale and the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale. (3) It was shown that the positive orientation level in Polish students was significantly lower than in students in Spain (p < 0.0001) and Slovakia (p < 0.0001). Low results for positive orientation were obtained in nearly half (47.18%) of the respondents in the Polish sample, whereas it was 34.18% and 31.18% in the Spanish and Slovak samples, respectively (p < 0.0001). A positive orientation was the most important predictor of emotional control among the nursing students at all the sites (p < 0.0001). (4) Positive orientation has been shown to have a significant impact on emotional control in nursing students during the pandemic. Therefore, it is important to carefully monitor students' mental health during the pandemic to determine the demand for psychological and emotional support.

Health Behaviours and the Sense of Optimism in Nursing Students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) The COVID-19 outbreak brought about several socio-economic changes and has had a negative impact on the mental health of people around the world. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between health behaviours and dispositional optimism among nursing students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) The study was carried out in spring 2021 on a group of 756 nursing students in Poland (n = 390), Spain (n = 196) and Slovakia (n = 170). The diagnostic survey method was applied with the questionnaire technique, and the following standardised research tools were used: Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) and the Health Behaviour Inventory (IZZ). The survey was conducted in a mixed arrangement: in direct contact with the respondents in Poland and in Spain and online in Slovakia. (3) Significant differences were demonstrated in health behaviour preferences in students in Poland, Spain and Slovakia (F = 6.22; p < 0.002). The highest IZZ index was found in Spanish students (82.60 ± 13.65), while lower values were observed in Slovak (80.38 ± 13.74) and Polish (78.44 ± 13.47) students. The correlation between dispositional optimism and a positive attitude was the strongest in the Polish sample (r = 0.56; p < 0.001), at a high level in the Spanish sample (r = 0.53; p < 0.001) and at an average level in the Slovak sample (r = 0.48; p < 0.001). (4) 1. The study showed a moderating effect of the country of origin on the students' health behaviours. 2. Dispositional optimism is an important predictor of the students' health behaviours, regardless of the country of origin.

Qualitative validation of a scale for nursing workloads in hospitalization units

Objetivo: Projetar e validar uma escala para medir a carga de trabalho de enfermagem em Unidades de Internaçao de Adultos com base na Classificaçao de Intervençöes de Enfermagem (NIC). Métodos: Estudo analítico, descritivo, observacional, prospectivo, utilizando principalmente metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de grupos focais, comité de especialistas e entrevistas individuais, para validar uma Escala de Mediçao da Carga de Trabalho em Unidades de Internaçao de Adultos, a partir das intervençöes selecionadas (NIC), com base nas características inerentes a tais unidades. Foi utilizada seleçao aleatoria para determinar os participantes (enfermeiros e especialistas) e é representativa das unidades de hospitalizaçâo em estudo. O estudo foi realizado de outubro de 2018 a abril de 2019. Resultados: Nao apenas os grupos focais, mas também as entrevistas individuais e o comité de especialistas demonstraram concordancia sobre a importancia de se obter um instrumento para medir a carga de trabalho validado pelos próprios profissionais e representativo de seu trabalho, com linguagem padronizada e adaptada a saúde real. A análise quantitativa conduzida pelo comite de especialistas mostra uma maior relevancia (91,67%) nos itens: "Prevençâo" e "Educaçâo para a saúde", bem como a consistencia com a construto e a redaçâo apropriada em 99% dos itens selecionados. Os avaliadores mantiveram a açâo em todos os itens com uma taxa de aceitaçâo de 75% a 100%. Conclusāo: O estudo qualitativo realizado fornece os dados necessários para a concepçâo e validaçâo de uma escala para medir as cargas de trabalho de enfermagem, identificadas a partir das intervençöes de enfermagem (NIC), como indicadores da gestäo de recursos humanos.Alternate :Objetivo: Proyectar y validar una escala para medir la carga de trabajo de enfermería en unidades de internación de adultos con base en la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería (NIC). Métodos: Estudio analítico, descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo, que utilizó principalmente metodología de investigación cualitativa, por medio de grupos focales, comité de especialistas y entrevistas individuales, para validar una Escala de Medición de Carga de Trabajo en Unidades de Internación de Adultos, a partir de las intervenciones seleccionadas (NIC), con base en las características inherentes a tales unidades. Se utilizó selección aleatoria para definir los participantes (enfermeros y especialistas), que es representativa de las unidades de hospitalización en estudio. El estudio fue realizado de octubre de 2018 a abril de 2019. Resultados: No solo los grupos focales, como también las entrevistas individuales y el comité de especialistas demostraron concordancia sobre la importancia de obtener un instrumento para medir la carga de trabajo, validado por los propios profesionales y representativo de su trabajo, con un lenguaje estandarizado y adaptado a la salud real. El análisis cuantitativo conducido por el comité de especialistas muestra una mayor relevancia (91,67 %) en los ítems: "Prevención" y "Educación para la salud", así como una consistencia respecto a la elaboración y redacción apropiada en el 99 % de los ítems seleccionados. Los evaluadores mantuvieron la acción en todos los ítems con un índice de aceptación de 75 % a 100 %. Conclusión: El estudio cualitativo realizado proporciona los datos necesarios para la elaboración y validación de una escala para medir la carga de trabajo en enfermería, identificada a partir de las intervenciones de enfermería (NIC), como indicadores de la gestión de recursos humanos.Alternate :Objective: To design and validate a scale to measure nursing workloads in Adult Hospitalization Units based on Nursing Interventions (NIC). Methods: Analytical, descriptive, observational, prospective study, using mainly qualitative research methodology, by means of focus groups, committee of experts and individual interviews, to validate a Workload Measurement Scale in Adult Hosp talization Units, from the selected interventions (NIC) on a basis of the inherent characteristics of such units. A random selection was used to determine the participants (nurses and experts) and it is representative of the hospitalization units under study. It was carried out from October 2018 to April 2019. Results: Not only the focus groups but also the individual interviews and the committee of experts conducted agree on the importance of obtaining an instrument to measure workloads validated by the professionals themselves and representative of their work, with standardized language and adapted to actual healthcare. The quantitative analysis conducted by the committee of experts shows a highest relevance (91,67%) in the items: "Prevention" and "Health education", as well as consistency with the construct and appropriate wording in 99% of the items selected. Evaluators maintained the action on all items with a 75% to 100% acceptance rate. Conclusion: The qualitative study carried out provides the necessary data for the design and validation of a scale to measure nursing workloads, identified from the nursing interventions (NIC), as indicators of human resources management.